Improve efficiency and productivity with drilling fluids

Improve efficiency and productivity with drilling fluids

2014-04-11 14:26:12

Drilling fluids serve many functions: controlling formation pressures, removing cuttings from the wellbore, sealing permeable formations encountered while drilling, cooling and lubricating the bit, transmitting hydraulic energy to downhole tools and the bit, and, perhaps most important, maintaining wellbore stability and well control.

Often referred to as mud, drilling fluid was introduced around 1913 for subsurface pressure control. The 1920s and ’30s saw the birth of the first US companies specializing in the distribution, development, and engineering of drilling fluids and components. In the decades that followed, drilling fluid companies introduced developments in chemistry, measurement, and process engineering that led to significant improvements in drilling efficiency and well productivity.

Engineers design drilling fluids to control subsurface pressures, mitigate formation damage, minimize the potential for lost circulation, control erosion of the borehole, and optimize drilling parameters such as penetration rate and hole cleaning. In addition, because a large percentage of modern wellbores are highly deviated, drilling fluid systems must help manage hole cleaning and stability challenges that are specific to these wells.

Drilling fluids defined

“Defining Drilling Fluids,” the ninth in a series of introductory articles by the Oilfield Review, provides a concise overview of drilling fluid systems.

Whether you are new to the industry or just looking to review the basics, this short article is a resource for understanding the fundamental concepts around drilling fluids in the E&P industry.

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How is Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate ?

Unstable nature of ammonium nitrate , heat decomposition, but the decomposition reaction is more complex, different product temperature is different. For example 110 ℃, decomposition following formula :

      NH4NO3 = HNO3 + NH3

      At 185 ℃ ~ 200 ℃, decomposition reaction is as follows :

      NH4NO3 = N2O +2 H2O

      If suddenly heated to a high temperature , or by crashing, explosive decomposition occurs :

      2NH4NO3 = 2N2 ↑ + O2 ↑ +4 H2O

      There are other possible responses , plus introduced here is unknown .

      Due to the volume of gas produced by thermal decomposition of rapid expansion , if a violent explosion occurs in a limited space, if mixed with combustible materials , the explosion is even more intense. Therefore, ammonium nitratecan be used to manufacture explosives.

      4 Long-term administration of thiamine causes increased soil acidity , compaction sclerosis

      After addition of ammonium sulphate , the hydrolysis reaction of ammonium sulfate in the acidic aqueous solution :

      NH4 + + H2O ( Insert Picture " ( thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate ) in the middle double arrow symbol ") NH3 · H2O + H +

      NH4 + under suitable conditions will be soil nitrifying bacteria oxidized to nitric acid , acidic soil increases :

      NH4 + +2 O2 ( insert pictures ( thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate ) in the middle symbol nitrate bacteria ) 2H + + NO3-+ H2O

      NH4 + can also substitute the soil colloids in the H + and enhance soil acidity.

      After acidification of the soil , due to an increase in H + in the soil solution and can replace adsorbed on soil colloids Ca2 +, so that the destruction of soil aggregate structure , becomes compacted sclerosis.