Urea is organic nitrogen

Urea is a high concentration of nitrogen fertilizer, is a neutral organic fertilizer, also can be used in the production of a variety of compound fertilizer. No residues in the soil any harmful material, long-term application of no bad influence. Animal husbandry can be used as the ruminant feed. But in the granulation temperature too high will produce a small amount of biuret, also called biuret, has inhibitory effect on crops. Our country regulation with urea fertilizer biuret content should be less than 0.5%. Biuret content exceeds 1%, cannot do seed manure, seedling weight and foliar fertilizer, the issue of the urea content in other also shoulds not be too much or too concentrated

Mostly used as nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture, also used as raw material in production of plastics, resins, coating, and medicine. 

It is used as a surface fertilizer, alone or mixed with other fertilizers; 

- it is very effective for crops with long growing seasons; 

- determination on the field is based on the culture and climatic conditions and soil 

- urea may be used on all soils; 

- it is applied both early spring and during the vegetation. 

Apply in subsoil and cover when for calcareous and alkaline soils. 

Better to apply together with P K or organic fertilizers.

 Urea is mainly used for chemical fertilizer such as solo ingredient of nitrogen fertilizer as is ammonium sulphate and ingredient of mixed fertilizer or slow-release nitrogen fertilizer. Dilute urea liquid can be sprayed on leaves as fertilizer and put a little amount into feed for chewers. In addition, it is of wide use of industrial purpose such as plastic, dyeing, medicines and organic synthesis. Urea and melamine can be used either separately or as condensation resin for molding compound, adhesive material, paint, textile-processing and paper converting. By impregnating printing paper with melamine and applying heat and pressure, melamine resin decorated sheet can be produced, which offers great resistance to water and heat and has various uses.

Do foods naturally contain sodium benzoate

Sodium benzoate is added to many foods with a pH 4.5 or lower such as pickles, catsup, and soft drinks. It is also added to mouthwashes, toothpastes, creams, lotions and other cosmetic products where a small percentage may be absorbed through the skin.

Sodium benzoate is not found in foods unless it is added as a preservative. However, quite a number of foods contain benzoic acid. High concentrations of benzoic acid are found in some berries. Apples, plums, cinnamon, cloves and other foods including milk contain benzoic acid. It is found in many plants, animals and milk. You will find a number of sites on the internet stating that sodium benzoate is found in foods. That information probably came from Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 26 (2005). I encourage you to read it for yourself. I’ve included it in its entirety here, because it includes a great deal of related information. The document states that benzoic acid is naturally contained in many foods. The confusion comes because the document often uses benzoic acid and sodium benzoate synonymously e.g. benzoic acid/sodium benzoate. However, it clearly states that it is benzoic acid that is found naturally in foods, but sodium benzoate a food additive.

High viscosity of xanthan gum

Xanthan gum used in eye shadow can make the eye shadow with fluid structure, good stability, more important is can let eye kept at the temperature of 45 DEG C for two months.

Internationally, the development and application of xanthan gum is the earliest USA. American agricultural areas north of Peoria laboratory in the early 60's first by microbial fermentation method to obtain the xanthan gum. In 1964, the United States Merck's Keco division for the first time in the world to achieve the industrialization production of xanthan gum. In 1979 the world total yield of xanthan gum 2000t, in 1990 reached more than 4000t. In the United States, xanthan gum, annual production value of about $500000000, annual output value after antibiotic and solvent, ranking the third place in the fermentation products.

Provide excellent stability of skin cream and emulsion of xanthan gum. High viscosity of xanthan gum in static state is conducive to the stability of erasing personal care products uniformly dispersed in oil phase by shear thinning nature provides good lubrication and toning effect. The antioxidants ascorbic acid, because it can promote the synthesis of collagen, prevent aging, reduce fine lines fade melanin commonly used in skin care cosmetics in but in order to take effective components transported to specific locations must select the appropriate delivery system now in the microemulsion system of o/w to add a small amount of xanthan gum as the thickening agent can play a very good effect. Xanthan gum can also be used as a sunscreen sunscreen skin care products for skin from UV damage. In addition, xanthan gum can also be used as a thickening agent in the presence of low pH value and high electrolyte conditions used for whitening cosmetics.

Xantham gum cannot be used as a substitute for gum Arabic

Xanthan gum doesn't function as yeast/leavener; it mimics the function of gluten in flour. XG turns the dough gummy and sticky, which permits the dough to trap gas bubbles from the yeast(or other leavener), which in turn allows the dough to rise. Imagine if you will a large piece of bubble gum. That's the texture of wheat flour dough, and with xg, that will also be the approximate texture of your GF dough. 

Now onto the matter of xanthan gum and fermentation. XG is made by fermentation, it does not itself ferment. Many things are made by fermentation. In the case of XG, sugars are digested by bacteria, and they excrete xanthan gum. Yummy, huh? Another example is vanilla. Vanilla flavor is created by the fermentation of vanilla bean pods. But it doesn't itself ferment or create fermentation in cookery. Many other things are created by fermentation. 

While some people think that depends what for, but not really.  Xanthan gum is great for forming viscous solutions. Gum Arabic stabilizes emulsions and makes films but isn't that viscous.  Xanthan is a large stiff polysaccharide but gum Arabic has some protein groups that makes it amphipillic.

Xantham gum cannot be used as a substitute for gum Arabic. But gum arabic can be used as a substitute for xanthan gum. Xanthan gum may cause allergic reactions, especially those who have corn allergy in some people. For the case, you can substitute for xanthan gum in a specific amount. Gum arabic is one of the alternatives. It a natural food stabilizer, which is derived from the sap of various species of acacia tree. The low viscosity, high emulsification and adhesion properties make gum arabic an excellent ingredient in foods.

Unique pseudoplastic rheological characteristics of Xanthan gum

Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide, derived from the bacterial coat of Xanthomonas campestris, used as a food additive and rheology modifier, commonly used as a food thickening agent and a stabilizer, to prevent ingredients from separating. It is produced by fermentation of glucose, sucrose, or lactose by the Xanthomonas campestris bacterium. After a fermentation period, the polysaccharide is precipitated from a growth medium with isopropyl alcohol, dried, and ground into a fine powder. Later, it is added to a liquid medium to form the gum .

Xanthan Gum can be widely used as salt/acid resistant thickener,high efficient suspension agent and emulsifier,high viscosity filling agent in viarous food and beverang.It can not only enhance the performance of water-keeping and shape-keeping,but also improve the freeze/thaw stability and mouth-feeling of food and beverage products.Meanwhile,Xanthan Gum can extend the shelf life of products,simplifying the filling and sterilization during the course of production.Little consume of  Xanthan Gum can save lots of production cost and increase the profit rate.

Features:

1) High efficiency thickening

2) A high degree pseudo-plasticity over board shear rate and concentration range

3) Stable in both acidic and alkaline solutions

4) Exhibit little solution viscosity change over a wide temperature range

5) Compatible with solutions containing high concentration of various salt

6) Provide excellent suspension for insoluble solids and oil droplets

7) Extremely effective emulsion and foam stabilizer

8) Show synergism with guar and locust bean gum

9) Provide excellent mouth-feel to various foods

10) Impart freeze and thaw stability

Ammonium nitrate used in pyrotechnics as oxidizers

Ammonium nitrate,  (NH4NO3), a salt of ammonia and nitric acid, used widely in fertilizers and explosives. The commercial grade contains about 33.5 percent nitrogen, all of which is in forms utilizable by plants; it is the most common nitrogenous component of artificial fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate also is employed to modify the detonation rate of other explosives, such as nitroglycerin in the so-called ammonia dynamites, or as an oxidizing agent in the ammonals, which are mixtures of ammonium nitrate and powdered aluminum.Ammonium nitrate is a colourless, crystalline substance (melting point 169.6° C [337.3° F]). 

Ammonium nitrate is often used as a substitute for Potassium nitrate in smoke bombs, flash powders and gun powders. Ammonium nitrate (often mixed with gun cotton) was considered superior to Potassium nitrate for making gun powder used in cannons because it made less smoke and produced less flash. This was the beginning of the production of "smoke-less" gun powders. 

One problem occurs when using Ammonium nitrate in mixtures. The compound will absorb water from the atmosphere and so must be kept sealed.

Ammonium nitrate, like potassium nitrate and most all nitrates, is an oxidizer. In the case of gunpowder, potassium nitrate is the oxidizer and charcoal and sulfur are the fuels. 

In general, oxidizers themselves are not considered to burn (there are some exceptions, like organic peroxides). Potassium nitrate does not burn. Instead, it just accelerates burning of other substances. 

Ammonium nitrate can do the same thing. There were propellants called "ammonpulvers" that used ammonium nitrate in place of potassium nitrate. In the old days, they were sometimes used instead of regular gunpowder in cannons, etc. One advantage was that they produced less flash and smoke. 

Calcium chloride is a drying agent

Calcium chloride is a drying agent, although often used only for gases. It is also widely sold for melting ice on sidewalks in cold climate areas. It is effective to a lower temperature then salt. 

Now, for treatment of insect bites, and not just mosquito, but the ones that can be deadly: 

Calcium chloride is essential for the proper functioning of nerve and muscle, where it has a major influence on stimulation thresholds and the release of neurotransmitters. Calcium chloride can be administered as adjunctive therapy in a number of conditions, including the following: insect bites or stings such as Black Widow Spider bites. 

The exact mechanism of black widow venom is not completely understood. There is an oversimplified view in the prehospital setting that black widow venom is essentially a calcium channel blocker similar to Cardizem. The common belief is that calcium gluconate or calcium chloride is the best treatment.

Different kinds of xanthan gum

Xanthan Gum, which is mainly made from starch, is a high molecular weight polysaccharide produced by fermentation with Xanthomonas Campestris under the conditions of special nutrient medium, PH, O2-supply and temperature, the purified, dried and milled into white-like or light-yellow free-flowing powder.

Xanthan Gum can be widely used in more than twenty industrial fields, such as food pharmaceutical, fine chemical, agriculture, oil drilling, and so on. Comparing with other kinds of gum, xanthan gum has many advantages.

1. Outstanding viscosity-enhancing property and solubility in water.

2. Unique pseudo-plasticity rheological property of xanthan gum makes it high-efficient emulsifier and stabilizer.

3. Excellent stability to large range of temperature and PH change.

4. Stable compatibility with acid, alkaline, brine, enzyme, surface active agent, antiseptic, oxidant and other thickener.

5. Perfect synergistic action when compounding with guar gum, locust bean gum and other gums.

Food Grade Xanthan Gum

Food Grade Xanthan Gum can be widely used as salt/acid resistant thickener, high efficient suspension agent and emulsifier, high viscosity filing agent in various food, beverage, feedstuff and pet-food. It can not only enhance the performance of water-keeping and shape-keeping, but also improve the freeze/thaw stability and mouth-feeling of the products. Meanwhile, it can extend the shelf life of the products.

Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemical Grade Xanthan Gum

Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemical Grade Xanthan Gum can be used as thickener and stabilizer in liquid or ointment medicine, cosmetic, oral care products, household lotion. It can bring excellent effectiveness, such as improving the products shapping and mouth-feeling, preventing the products delamination, convenient for feeling & extrusion, helping products spreading & absorbability.

Industrial Grade Xanthan Gum

Acting as an thickener and stabilizer, Industrial Grade Xanthan Gum can be applied to many industrial fields, such as oil drilling, pesticide, pottery & porcelain, printing & dyeing, paint, paper-making, mine-extraction, and so on.

It is specially produced as mud additive for oil drilling. Being an environment friendly and high efficiency mud additive, it has an excellent tolerance to a wide range of temperature, PH and salinity. It can extremely increase the mud penetrative rate and suspension ability to the drilling-cuttings. Meanwhile, it can also reduce the pressure loss during drilling, stabilize the well-bore, prevent the damage to oil formation, and improve the efficiency of drilling, work-over and completion.

What is Oil Drilling Grade xanthan gum

Oil Drilling Grade xanthan gum is a bio- synthetic rubber , was the class of white or light yellow powder. Industrial grade xanthan gum as an efficient, environmentally friendly oil drilling mud additives, for a wide range of temperature , PH, salt has a strong resistance ,Oil Drilling grade xanthan gum can significantly improve the penetration of the mud and the ability of suspended solids , reducing the pressure loss in the drilling process , and stable wall , to reduce damage to the reservoir , significantly improved drilling, workover , completion efficiency.

Oil Drilling Grade xanthan gum Features:

1 highlights and water-soluble high viscosity ;

2 unique pseudoplastic rheological characteristics ;

3 excellent temperature, PH value stability ;

4 with acid, alkali, salt , enzymes , surfactants , preservatives , co- oxidants and other thickeners , a stable compatibility.

Sodium benzoate is a preservative that promotes cancer and kills healthy cells

Organic consumers and nutritionists may already know, but the rest of the general population does not know about sodium benzoate. It has the ability to deprive the cells of oxygen, break down the immune system and cause cancer.

This killer is flying under consumer radar with its user friendly tag line, "as a preservative." This silent cell choker has found its way into thousands of products, even foods that are labeled as all natural. But don't be fooled. While benzoic acid is found naturally in low levels in many fruits, the sodium benzoate listed on a product's label is synthesized in a lab.

Derived from a reaction of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide, sodium benzoate is actually the sodium salt of benzoic acid. Sodium benzoate is a known carcinogenic additive which, when eaten or applied to the skin, gets transported to the liver, where it is supposed to be filtered, and expelled in urine, but the damage gets done before that process is completed.

Sodium benzoate chokes out your body's nutrients at the DNA cellular level by depriving mitochondria cells of oxygen, sometimes completely shutting them down. Just as humans need oxygen to breathe, cells need oxygen to function properly and to fight off infection, including cancer.

The FDA says it's safe because the amount used to preserve foods is very low, but don't ever combine it with vitamin C or E, as this causes benzene to be formed. This is dangerous. Benzene is a known carcinogen, which means it causes cancer.

Okay, so this should be easy. Never, ever mix vitamin C with pickles, peppers, salad dressings, jams, most condiments, vinegar, fruit juices, salsa, dips, shredded cheese, ketchup, or diet or regular soda. Don't forget about mouthwash, toothpaste, cough syrup, cream, lotion, and hundreds of cosmetic products.

So now why is it put in food? It's the cheapest mold inhibiter on the market, so it's all about the money. Acidic foods tend to grow bacteria, mold and yeast more easily than non-acidic foods, so the sodium benzoate extends the shelf life, while it shortens human life.

Cancer is all about the cumulative effect. When the human body is exposed repeatedly to any level of this carcinogen, which rears its ugly head in thousands of products, the immune system, over time, is depleted to the point that one acquires an immune deficiency. Then the body does not have enough essential nutrients to detoxify, and this occurs at the cellular level. Parkinson's, neuro-degenerative diseases, and premature aging have all been attributed to this infamous preservative.

How to use xanthan gum?

Most of xanthan gum in water as completely dissolved in the base phase system, but because it has a strong hydrophilicity, if added directly to the water while stirring is insufficient, the outer swelling into micelles, thereby preventing water entering inside layer, thereby affecting the functioning and therefore must pay attention to the proper use of: 

Take a xanthan gum with ten or more other dry materials, such as food production in the sugar, monosodium glutamate, salt and other materials and mix thoroughly, then pour slowly stirring in water, soak for about two hours and continue stirring until completely dissolved. Xanthan gum can be dissolved in cold water and hot water, high viscosity, high acid, alkali, salt properties, high heat stability, suspension, thixotropic, etc., often used as a thickener, emulsifier, suspending agent , stabilizers, and has broad market prospects, are widely used in daily chemical, food, pharmaceutical, oil, textiles, ceramics, printing and other fields.

Xanthan Gum, a very popular food additive

Have you heard of xanthan gum, one of the 30 most popular ingredients used in food products? You’ll find it in salad dressings, sauces, ice cream and also gluten free foods. What is xanthan gum, and why is it such a popular ingredient?

What you need to know:

1. Xanthan Gum is made by fermenting corn sugar with a bacteria, Xanthomonas campestris. It’s the same bacteria that creates black spots on broccoli and cauliflower. The result is a slimy goo that is then dried up and ground into a fine white powder.

2. Xanthan gum is an emulsifier. It helps ingredients blend more effectively and stay blended while waiting on a shelf. For example – water and oil mixtures, as well as bits of spice in a salad dressing.

3. Xanthan gum is also used as a thickener. Add a bit to water and it becomes more viscous. Many fat free salad dressing maintain and oily viscosity by using thickeners such as xanthan gum. In pastry fillings, it prevents the water seeping out and soaking the dough, thus protecting the crispness of the crust.

4. Xanthan gum is used in ice creams as well to prevent the formation of ice crystals and keep the product “smooth”.

5. Xanthan gum has become popular in the gluten free circles. It helps give the dough a sticky consistency.

6. Only a small amount of xanthan gum is necessary to achieve the desired result, usually less than 0.5% of the food product weight.

7. When mixed with guar gum or locust bean gum, the viscosity is more than when either one is used alone, so less of each can be used.

8. Nutritionally, xanthan gum is a carbohydrate with 7 grams of fiber per tablespoon. This may cause bloating in some people.

9. Xanthan gum may be derived from a variety of sources such as corn, wheat, or soy.  People with an allergy to one of the above, need to avoid foods with xanthan gum, or to ascertain the source.

10. Xanthan Gum was “discovered” by a team of USDA researchers in the 1960′s. In 1968 it was approved for use as a food additive in the US and Europe.

What to do at the supermarket:

So is Xanthan Gum safe to consume or not?  It’s perfectly safe to consume if you don’t have any allergy issues as mentioned above. However, most people wouldn’t prepare a salad dressing at home with xanthan gum, nor add it to a pastry filling. When you see xanthan gum labeled on products at the supermarket, you realize that you are buying an industrial processed product. In this case the health/nutrition consequences are minimal, but check what other, more sinister additives are lurking in the product as well.

How to use xanthan gum?

Most of xanthan gum in water as completely dissolved in the base phase system, but because it has a strong hydrophilicity, if added directly to the water while stirring is insufficient, the outer swelling into micelles, thereby preventing water entering inside layer, thereby affecting the functioning and therefore must pay attention to the proper use of: 

Take a xanthan gum with ten or more other dry materials, such as food production in the sugar, monosodium glutamate, salt and other materials and mix thoroughly, then pour slowly stirring in water, soak for about two hours and continue stirring until completely dissolved. Xanthan gum can be dissolved in cold water and hot water, high viscosity, high acid, alkali, salt properties, high heat stability, suspension, thixotropic, etc., often used as a thickener, emulsifier, suspending agent , stabilizers, and has broad market prospects, are widely used in daily chemical, food, pharmaceutical, oil, textiles, ceramics, printing and other fields.

Where to buy xanthan gum?

Xanthan Gum is specially produced as mud additive for oil drilling and exploitation. Being an environment friendly and high efficiency mud additive, Xanthan Gum Oil Drilling Grade has an excellent tolerance to the changes of temperature, acid, alkaline and salt. Meanwhile, it can extremely increase the products penetrating ability and suspending performance to small solid materials, and reduce the pressure loss during drilling. This Xanthan Gum can not only fasten the well bore, but also decrease the damage to oil formation. Xanthan Gum can also greatly raise the efficiency of drilling, workover and completion. As a biotype oil driver, Xanthan Gum Oil Drilling Grade can improve oil extraction rate and utilization factor of natural resources. The more important point is that it can furthest protect natural environment.

ZIBO SHUANGCHEN CHEMICAL CO., LTD located in Linzi, Zibo, the largest renowned heavy industry center in China, is the world's leading manufacturer and supplier of Xanthan gum to the whole world.

We are specialized in supplying API grade, Oil drilling grade, Industry grade and Food grade Xanthan gum, view more you can check the web below:

www.chemazing.com

Market analysis of ammonium nitrate

Ammonium nitrate is relatively stable this week, the market price ; weekend factory price at 1,593 yuan / ton , compared with weekly price of 1,594 yuan / ton , down by 0.06%.

 

Second, market analysis

 

Product , ammonium nitrate manufacturers started this week, the average rate of 4 percent, the operating rate in general, the market volume was light, some manufacturers produce such a tight amount of Yunnan solution , industry inventory of over 20 million tons of inventory pressure.

 

Industrial chain, this week, the market price of natural gas fell 0.83% decline , bad ammonium nitrate prices, raw material prices stable nitric acid , ammonium nitrate negative price ; under underemployed homeless explosive industry , demand for light ; agriculture, fertilizer nitro use is not completely started , manufacturers and more long-term customer oriented , the new single is less.

 

Industry throughout the ammonium nitrate industry overcapacity , industry inventories, severely restricting ammonium nitrate price movements.

 

Yuan Ting Social business analysts believe the chemical branch of ammonium nitrate : due to poor downstream demand and greater pressure on the stock industry , is difficult to increase the price of ammonium nitrate , ammonium nitrate manufacturers to keep prices current phenomenon obviously , the actual price stability Ming kicked upstairs .Ammonium nitrate is relatively stable this week, the market price ; weekend factory price at 1,593 yuan / ton , compared with weekly price of 1,594 yuan / ton , down by 0.06%.

 

Second, market analysis

 

Product , ammonium nitrate manufacturers started this week, the average rate of 4 percent, the operating rate in general, the market volume was light, some manufacturers produce such a tight amount of Yunnan solution , industry inventory of over 20 million tons of inventory pressure.

 

Industrial chain, this week, the market price of natural gas fell 0.83% decline , bad ammonium nitrate prices, raw material prices stable nitric acid , ammonium nitrate negative price ; under underemployed homeless explosive industry , demand for light ; agriculture, fertilizer nitro use is not completely started , manufacturers and more long-term customer oriented , the new single is less.

 

Industry throughout the ammonium nitrate industry overcapacity , industry inventories, severely restricting ammonium nitrate price movements.

 

Third, investors predict

 

Yuan Ting Social business analysts believe the chemical branch of ammonium nitrate : due to poor downstream demand and greater pressure on the stock industry , is difficult to increase the price of ammonium nitrate , ammonium nitrate manufacturers to keep prices current phenomenon obviously , the actual price stability Ming kicked upstairs .

Why choose SONEF LIMITED?

SONEF LIMITED (Goldsailing Co.,LTD) is a professional manufacturer and exporter food/feed additives/ chemicals a high popularity in the profession of China. The China-based, international company's roots date back to 1999. Today, SONEF specializes in two categories:bio-chemical and basic chemical for the food, beverage, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry as well as for various other industrial applications.Sodium Benzoate manufacturer,potassium sorbate supplier, caustic soda products-SONEF chemicals

SONEF's products are manufactured utilizing advantage technology. All its products can be used, transported and disposed of in a secure and ecologically safe way.

A worldwide network of sales companies and distributors with a thorough understanding of target markets and client requirements underlie SONEF's high level of market and customer proximity. Committed to its rigorous quality standards, SONEF guarantees for the excellence and sustainability of its products and services.

SONEF Limited in the face of fierce competition out of a self-development path, the company began to make itself a non-pirated, using their own advantages and rich resources of suppliers, based on their actual conditions, out of a FCL and LCL would like to combine Information and logistics combined virtuous cycle development.

Xanthan Gum - Production Strains and Preservation in Fermentation Production

1. About Production Strains
Generally, xanthan gum production strain use pathogenic bacteria of black rot which belongs to cruciferous plant - xanthomonas bacteria and their variants, they can be got from the soil and plant pathogens that were screened isolated. The majority of xanthan gum production strains is xanthomonas campestris bacteria in China, usually use conventional methods of xanthan gum production strain.

There are not only conventional methods, but also by physical and chemical mutagenesis method to induce breeding of xanthan gum to improve the characteristics of its production Strains to produce gum, improve the product properties. For example, xanthan gum production strain can be screened by mutagenic treatment which could not produce pigment. If xanthomonas campestris dimethyl sulfate, lithium chloride or ultraviolet are compound treatment twice, rifampin, or bacitracin resistance plate screening, fermentation broth viscosity of mutants obtained increased by 30 % -70%, gum production increased by 20% -80%. The most ideal breeding method of high-quality xanthan gum’s producing bacteria is the use of genetic engineering, directed to transform and build new engineering bacteria, in order to achieve high quality, high yield, low-power purposes.

2. Regarding to Production strains preserved
In order to avoid degradation and variation of producing strain, we have to  try to limit the passage number of strains, avoid long-term preservation strain on agar slants, preferably be preserved by freeze-drying and cryopreservation preservation method.

The experimental result in that for long-term preservation of xanthan gum species preservation method could use mineral oil. The method is simple and easy to operate, survival rate of species is high, the longest retention time could be up to 5 to 6 years. five years later culture collection, the determination of fermentation liquid viscosity average is 81.7% of the original strain, gum production rate is of 87.6%, a variety of performance remained unchanged, the save results are satisfactory.

When Ammonium Nitrate used as fertilizers

Despite the fact that Ammonium Nitrate is the raw material of mining explosion. Ammonium Nitrate is generally used as a fertilizer. It is actually sold in the form of pellets that are coated with clay. The reason why it is very popular in agriculture is because of the high nitrogen amount in this compound. Nitrogen is a very important plant nutrient that assists in the growth and metabolic processes that the plant undergoes. Agriculturists love using ammonium nitrate since it is a cheap alternative to expensive fertilizers. It can also yield rapid growth and may increase the fruit production capacity of a plant. It may also affect the quality of green leafy vegetables since the nitrogen which is used by the plants is actually very helpful in the process of photosynthesis.

Another famous use of ammonium nitrate is as an additive in explosives. Ammonium nitrate is sensitive to heat and any application of this external factor can lead to explosion. It is a strong oxidizing agent. This means that it can actually remove certain electrons from other reactants when subjected to a redox chemical reaction. This is the reason why ammonium nitrates are paired and added in combustibles like TNT and others.

Improve efficiency and productivity with drilling fluids

Improve efficiency and productivity with drilling fluids

2014-04-11 14:26:12

Drilling fluids serve many functions: controlling formation pressures, removing cuttings from the wellbore, sealing permeable formations encountered while drilling, cooling and lubricating the bit, transmitting hydraulic energy to downhole tools and the bit, and, perhaps most important, maintaining wellbore stability and well control.

Often referred to as mud, drilling fluid was introduced around 1913 for subsurface pressure control. The 1920s and ’30s saw the birth of the first US companies specializing in the distribution, development, and engineering of drilling fluids and components. In the decades that followed, drilling fluid companies introduced developments in chemistry, measurement, and process engineering that led to significant improvements in drilling efficiency and well productivity.

Engineers design drilling fluids to control subsurface pressures, mitigate formation damage, minimize the potential for lost circulation, control erosion of the borehole, and optimize drilling parameters such as penetration rate and hole cleaning. In addition, because a large percentage of modern wellbores are highly deviated, drilling fluid systems must help manage hole cleaning and stability challenges that are specific to these wells.

Drilling fluids defined

“Defining Drilling Fluids,” the ninth in a series of introductory articles by the Oilfield Review, provides a concise overview of drilling fluid systems.

Whether you are new to the industry or just looking to review the basics, this short article is a resource for understanding the fundamental concepts around drilling fluids in the E&P industry.

www.chemazing.com

How is Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate ?

Unstable nature of ammonium nitrate , heat decomposition, but the decomposition reaction is more complex, different product temperature is different. For example 110 ℃, decomposition following formula :

      NH4NO3 = HNO3 + NH3

      At 185 ℃ ~ 200 ℃, decomposition reaction is as follows :

      NH4NO3 = N2O +2 H2O

      If suddenly heated to a high temperature , or by crashing, explosive decomposition occurs :

      2NH4NO3 = 2N2 ↑ + O2 ↑ +4 H2O

      There are other possible responses , plus introduced here is unknown .

      Due to the volume of gas produced by thermal decomposition of rapid expansion , if a violent explosion occurs in a limited space, if mixed with combustible materials , the explosion is even more intense. Therefore, ammonium nitratecan be used to manufacture explosives.

      4 Long-term administration of thiamine causes increased soil acidity , compaction sclerosis

      After addition of ammonium sulphate , the hydrolysis reaction of ammonium sulfate in the acidic aqueous solution :

      NH4 + + H2O ( Insert Picture " ( thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate ) in the middle double arrow symbol ") NH3 · H2O + H +

      NH4 + under suitable conditions will be soil nitrifying bacteria oxidized to nitric acid , acidic soil increases :

      NH4 + +2 O2 ( insert pictures ( thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate ) in the middle symbol nitrate bacteria ) 2H + + NO3-+ H2O

      NH4 + can also substitute the soil colloids in the H + and enhance soil acidity.

      After acidification of the soil , due to an increase in H + in the soil solution and can replace adsorbed on soil colloids Ca2 +, so that the destruction of soil aggregate structure , becomes compacted sclerosis.

Oil Drilling Xanthan Gum Application

Application in Compression Fracture Technique of Oil Exploitation

Polymer flooding holds an important place in the various ways of enhancing oil recovery. The polymer plays a role in adjusting the rheological property of injected water, increasing the viscosity of driving liquid and improving the sweep efficiency of water flooding. The decrease of water phase permeability can make water and oil flow forward at a constant rate. In the condition of the reservoir, these polymers need to possess viscosity-increasing performance and maintain high viscosity with the change of temperature, pressure and salinity.

InChina, oilfield chemicals mainly use polyacrylamide, Carboxymethylcellulose and modified starch. Consequently this leads to high cost of drilling and low oil extraction rate. Oil drilling xanthan gum is superior to other polymers as for tackifying, thickening, salt-resistant and anti-fouling performance. Moreover, it has a significant effect on mud treatment, drilling fluid and well completion especially under the conditions of oceans, beaches, and permafrost 

Since oil drilling xanthan gum possesses favorable rheological property, water-solubility, chemical stability, anti-degradation ability, it can act as a displacing agent for oil exploitation.

Compared with ordinary hydrolysis polyacrylamides, oil drilling xanthan gum has some advantageous properties, such as physical and chemical stability, good flooding effect, and low manufacturing cost. In addition, due to its favorable anti-degradation and shear resistant capacities, it can selectively flow in the formation and has preferable flooding effects.

Moreover, oil drilling xanthan gum is also applied in fracturing fluids and it is mainly used as a thickening agent in aqueous fracturing fluids and also plays a role in reducing frictional resistance.

Xanthan Gum - Production Strains and Preservation in Fermentation Production

1. About Production Strains
Generally, xanthan gum production strain use pathogenic bacteria of black rot which belongs to cruciferous plant - xanthomonas bacteria and their variants, they can be got from the soil and plant pathogens that were screened isolated. The majority of xanthan gum production strains is xanthomonas campestris bacteria in China, usually use conventional methods of xanthan gum production strain.

There are not only conventional methods, but also by physical and chemical mutagenesis method to induce breeding of xanthan gum to improve the characteristics of its production Strains to produce gum, improve the product properties. For example, xanthan gum production strain can be screened by mutagenic treatment which could not produce pigment. If xanthomonas campestris dimethyl sulfate, lithium chloride or ultraviolet are compound treatment twice, rifampin, or bacitracin resistance plate screening, fermentation broth viscosity of mutants obtained increased by 30 % -70%, gum production increased by 20% -80%. The most ideal breeding method of high-quality xanthan gum’s producing bacteria is the use of genetic engineering, directed to transform and build new engineering bacteria, in order to achieve high quality, high yield, low-power purposes.

2. Regarding to Production strains preserved
In order to avoid degradation and variation of producing strain, we have to  try to limit the passage number of strains, avoid long-term preservation strain on agar slants, preferably be preserved by freeze-drying and cryopreservation preservation method.

The experimental result in that for long-term preservation of xanthan gum species preservation method could use mineral oil. The method is simple and easy to operate, survival rate of species is high, the longest retention time could be up to 5 to 6 years. five years later culture collection, the determination of fermentation liquid viscosity average is 81.7% of the original strain, gum production rate is of 87.6%, a variety of performance remained unchanged, the save results are satisfactory.

Where to buy xanthan gum?

Xanthan Gum is specially produced as mud additive for oil drilling and exploitation. Being an environment friendly and high efficiency mud additive, Xanthan Gum Oil Drilling Grade has an excellent tolerance to the changes of temperature, acid, alkaline and salt. Meanwhile, it can extremely increase the products penetrating ability and suspending performance to small solid materials, and reduce the pressure loss during drilling. This Xanthan Gum can not only fasten the well bore, but also decrease the damage to oil formation. Xanthan Gum can also greatly raise the efficiency of drilling, workover and completion. As a biotype oil driver, Xanthan Gum Oil Drilling Grade can improve oil extraction rate and utilization factor of natural resources. The more important point is that it can furthest protect natural environment.

ZIBO SHUANGCHEN CHEMICAL CO., LTD located in Linzi, Zibo, the largest renowned heavy industry center in China, is the world's leading manufacturer and supplier of Xanthan gum to the whole world.

We are specialized in supplying API grade, Oil drilling grade, Industry grade and Food grade Xanthan gum, view more you can check the web below:

www.chemazing.com

Is Xanthan Gum harmful?

Xanthan gum is a largely indigestible polysaccharide that is produced by bacteria called Xanthomonas Camestris. (1) Manufacturers place the bacteria in a growth medium that contains sugars and other nutrients, and the resulting product of bacterial fermentation is purified, dried, powdered, and sold as xanthan gum. (Makes you wonder who first thought to put it in food, doesn’t it?)

Animal studies

Overall, the results from animal studies on xanthan gum aren’t very concerning. In one experiment, rats were fed xanthan gum for two years in concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 or 1.0 g/kg body weight per day. (2) The only notable difference between the xanthan gum groups and the control group was that rats fed xanthan gum experienced soft stools somewhat more frequently than the control rats, but even that barely reached statistical significance. There were no differences in growth rate, survival, blood markers, organ weights or tumor incidence.

Another experiment followed a similar design but used dogs instead of rats, and the results were the same: no changes other than occasional soft stools. (3) In a three-generation reproductive study, rats were fed either 0.25 or 0.50 g/kg per day, and there were no significant changes in the parents and offspring from the xanthan gum-receiving groups. (4)

Based on those initial studies, it was concluded that xanthan gum is a perfectly safe food additive. Since then, a few additional animal studies with different aims have been published.

One study, conducted to evaluate the effects of xanthan gum on digestion in rats, found that a diet containing 4% xanthan gum increased the amount of water in the intestines by 400%, and also increased the number of sugars remaining in the intestine. (5) Another study found that in rats fed 50 g/kg of xanthan gum (an incredibly high dose) for 4 weeks, the stool water content and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content increased significantly. (6)

This last study actually relates to the potential anti-tumor properties of xanthan gum, and researchers found that orally administered xanthan gum was able to slow tumor growth and prolong the survival of mice with melanoma. (7) The mechanism is unclear, but it’s interesting nonetheless.

Human studies

Due to the lack of harmful effects observed in animal studies, there are few human studies on xanthan gum. The first study aimed to determine the safety of xanthan gum when consumed by humans in an everyday dietary setting, but at levels much higher than people would normally encounter in their diet. (8) For 23 days, 5 adult men with no GI issues consumed between 10.4g and 12.9g of xanthan gum daily (based on the subjects’ weight), which is 15 times the current Acceptable Daily Intake of 10mg/kg. Overall, they experienced a reduction in serum cholesterol, an increase in fecal bile acid, and an increase in stool output and water content.

Another study had volunteers consume 15g of xanthan gum per day for 10 days. (9) They found xanthan gum to be a “highly efficient laxative,” and subjects experienced greater stool output and gas. That’s not very surprising considering the high dose, but what I found particularly interesting about this study was their measurement of the ability of subjects’ fecal bacteria to metabolize xanthan gum.

The researchers found that before the trial period, bacteria from the stools of only 12 of the 18 subjects could break down the xanthan gum, while after the trial period, bacteria from 16 of the subjects could break it down. (10) Additionally, the stool samples containing bacteria that could break down the xanthan gum showed a much greater production of hydrogen gas and SCFA after the trial period as compared to baseline, indicating that the intestinal bacteria of the subjects quickly adapted to this new food source. Clearly, xanthan gum (like many indigestible carbohydrates) can have a profound impact on the gut microbiota in large doses.

Colitis in infants

The only concerning research I found on xanthan gum relates to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in infants. Earlier this year, the New York Times published an article relating the tragic deaths of infants who had developed NEC after consuming a diet of formula or breast milk that had been thickened with a xanthan gum-based product called SimplyThick. This product was widely used in hospitals to thicken feed for infants with swallowing difficulties.

Two papers reviewed the cases of xanthan gum-associated NEC, and while there isn’t enough data to establish causation, the general consensus seems to be that the xanthan gum caused increased bacterial production of SCFA in the newborns’ intestines, and this contributed to the development of NEC. (11, 12) Although SCFA are vital to colon health, the immature digestive systems of newborns appear to be extremely sensitive to them. (13, 14) Since then, general practice guidelines suggest avoiding manufactured thickening products in babies under 12 months old, and rice cereal or baby oatmeal is used instead.

I wanted to address this because while it’s clearly important to avoid giving xanthan gum to infants (especially in large amounts), I’d like to emphasize that none of this changes the fact that xanthan gum appears to be relatively harmless in adult humans. None of the animal or human studies found damage to the intestinal mucosa following xanthan gum consumption, even in large doses, so this danger appears to be unique to newborns. For everyone else, SCFA aren’t something to be afraid of, and they are actually beneficial for the gut and for metabolic health, as I mention in previous articles here and here.

Wheat, corn, soy, and dairy allergies

I mentioned in the opening section that xanthan gum is produced by bacterial fermentation of a sugar-containing medium. Unfortunately, that ‘medium’ is often a potentially allergenic substance such as corn, soy, dairy, or wheat. Many xanthan gum manufacturers aren’t eager to share what their ‘medium’ is, but one common supplier, Bob’s Red Mill, discloses their production practices.

It looks like they originally used corn or soy as a medium, but they’ve sincechanged their medium to a glucose solution derived from wheat starch. However, they claim that the xanthan gum is still gluten-free, and it continues to be marketed as such.

It can be difficult to find production info online, but just be aware that if you have a severe allergy to corn, soy, wheat, or dairy, it would be prudent to either avoid xanthan gum entirely or check with the manufacturer to see how it’s produced.

Conclusion

Based on the available evidence, the worst xanthan gum seems to be capable of (in adults) is causing some digestive distress in those who are susceptible by increasing stool bulk, water content, and sugar content. But as I just mentioned, those with severe allergies should also be careful.

I recommend that people with digestive problems generally avoid xanthan gum, not because there’s evidence that it could damage your gut, but because its structural properties make it likely to produce unpleasant gut symptoms. Unlike carrageenan, there’s no evidence that xanthan gum can cause serious harm (even in human studies using doses much higher than people would normally encounter), so if you are able to tolerate it, I see no compelling reason to strictly avoid it. I wouldn’t recommend consuming large amounts every day, because xanthan gum appears to have a high propensity for altering the gut microbiome, and it’s unclear whether that alteration could be problematic in the long run. But the small amounts that you would normally encounter in the context of a real-food diet shouldn’t present a problem.

Now I’d like to hear from you. Have you ever experienced any unpleasant side effects from using xanthan gum? Have I allayed your fears about this additive? Let me know in the comments below.